骨髓增生异常综合征/骨髓增殖性肿瘤(MDS/MPN)重叠综合征作为罕见的重叠性血液肿瘤,临床表型异质性高、诊疗难度大,骨髓移植是其重要治疗手段,但移植后缓解与复发的判断缺乏统一标准,成为临床诊疗的关键痛点。Donal McLornan教授作为伦敦大学学院学者、欧洲血液与骨髓移植学会(EBMT)慢性恶性肿瘤工作组主席及科学委员会联合主席,在EBMT 2026年会上,围绕MDS/MPN重叠综合征骨髓移植后缓解标准制定、缓解判断方法及新药与移植的联合应用等核心议题,分享了专业见解,为临床诊疗提供了重要指导。
Donal McLornan教授:Donal McLornan教授来自伦敦大学学院,目前担任EBMT慢性恶性肿瘤工作组主席及科学委员会联合主席,他表示非常荣幸能在美丽的马德里参加本届年会。在临床工作中,他发现,骨髓移植成功后第一年,患者最常提出的疑问便是“医生,我治愈了吗”。MDS/MPN重叠综合征作为罕见疾病,据EBMT登记数据显示,非慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)队列中,每年约有150-200名该类患者接受骨髓移植。
由于这类患者移植前的表型及引导至移植阶段的疾病治疗方案存在显著异质性,制定统一的缓解标准至关重要。McLornan教授指出,他们正与血液病理专家合作,将骨髓缓解、分子学缓解、细胞遗传学缓解及嵌合体数据相结合进行分类。这一举措不仅能从登记系统层面评估移植成功率,还能为后续临床试验提供指导,更重要的是,能让临床医生明确告知患者其疾病是否达到功能治愈。
McLornan教授强调,MDS/MPN重叠综合征患者的临床表型、分子血液学参数及骨髓结构均具有极高异质性,因此缓解判断需遵循基本原则。他建议,移植后至少需在两个时间点进行骨髓钻取活检,观察骨髓细胞增生是否正常、异常骨髓结构表型是否逆转;若存在纤维化,需给予6-12个月的观察期,因为骨髓纤维化完全消退通常需要这一周期。
同时,缓解判断需结合多维度分子学检测数据,包括微滴式数字PCR、下一代测序、常规细胞遗传学检测,以及嵌合体检测(包括CD34嵌合及拆分嵌合)。只有整合这些信息,才能准确区分完全缓解、持续性疾病与复发性疾病,避免误判。
关于新药与骨髓移植的联合应用,McLornan教授表示,目前新型药物正与常规化疗、去甲基化药物联合,作为患者进入移植的桥接治疗。但更需重新定位移植平台的作用,将其视为移植后进一步治疗的基础。由于MDS/MPN重叠综合征患者移植后两年内复发率高达30%-40%,因此他认为,将去甲基化药物、JAK抑制剂及基于患者特定分子谱的药物作为维持治疗策略至关重要,这能有效降低患者复发风险及移植失败风险。
My name is Donal McLornan, and I am from University College London. Currently, I serve as the Chair of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and Co-Chair of its Scientific Council. It is extremely exciting to be attending the 26th EBMT Annual Meeting in the beautiful city of Madrid.
One of the most common questions raised by patients within the first year following a successful bone marrow transplantation is, “Doctor, am I cured?” MDS/MPN overlap syndromes are rare disorders. According to data from the EBMT registry, approximately 150 to 200 patients with MDS/MPN overlap syndromes undergo transplantation annually in non-chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cohorts. These patients exhibit significant heterogeneity in their phenotypes prior to transplantation, as well as in the disease treatments that lead them to the transplantation stage. Therefore, the ability to define remission is of great importance.
In collaboration with expert hematopathologists, our primary goal is to classify bone marrow remission in conjunction with molecular remission, cytogenetic remission, and chimerism data. This approach is crucial not only for evaluating transplantation success from a registry perspective but also for guiding future clinical trials. Most importantly, it enables clinicians to clearly inform patients whether they have achieved functional cure with respect to remission.
The assessment of remission in these patients is quite complex, primarily due to their high degree of heterogeneity in clinical presentation, molecular hematological parameters, and bone marrow architecture. To address this, we adhere to fundamental principles: at least two time points post-transplantation should be defined for the evaluation of bone marrow trephine specimens. The key observations include normal cellularity, reversal of the aberrant phenotype associated with abnormal bone marrow architecture, and sufficient time for the complete resolution of fibrosis (if present). Based on clinical experience with myelofibrosis, complete resolution of fibrosis typically requires 6 to 12 months.
Thus, at least two bone marrow trephine biopsies are required to define bone marrow complete remission. Additionally, molecular data should be integrated in parallel, including results from droplet digital PCR, next-generation sequencing, conventional cytogenetic laboratory tests, and chimerism analysis (either CD34 chimerism or split chimerism). Integration of all these data is essential to accurately distinguish between complete remission, persistent disease, and relapsed disease.
Currently, we are using novel agents in combination with conventional chemotherapy and hypomethylating agents as bridging therapy to prepare patients for transplantation. However, there is a critical need to refocus the role of the transplantation platform, which should be regarded as a foundation for further post-transplantation treatment. Despite successful transplantation for MDS/MPN overlap syndromes, patients face a relapse rate of 30% to 40% within the first two years post-transplantation. Therefore, I consider it pivotal to utilize hypomethylating agents, JAK inhibitors, and drugs tailored to the specific molecular profile of individual patients as maintenance strategies. This approach is essential to reduce the ultimate risk of relapse and transplantation failure.
总结
Donal McLornan教授的分享聚焦MDS/MPN重叠综合征骨髓移植的核心临床痛点,为缓解标准制定、缓解判断及新药联合应用提供了科学可行的方案。统一的缓解标准解决了临床异质性带来的判断难题,多维度检测手段提升了缓解判断的准确性,而新药与移植的优化联合的策略,为降低复发率、改善患者预后提供了新路径。医学的进步源于对临床痛点的不断突破,EBMT及全球学者对罕见血液肿瘤诊疗的探索,不仅推动了移植领域的规范化发展,更彰显了以患者为中心的医学理念,为全球MDS/MPN重叠综合征患者带来了更长生存、更高生活质量的希望,也为跨区域医学协作、罕见病诊疗规范化提供了重要借鉴。